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A reference is a reference in a text or in a bibliography. The reference makes it possible to find the source and read the text itself. The appearance of references and bibliography is regulated by different referencing styles. Common styles include Oxford, Harvard and APA.

Why should you write references?

When you write academic texts, you must relate to current and relevant research. Therefore, it is important that you report where you get your material from. You may not use anyone else's ideas or thoughts without citing your source.

Which reference system should you choose?

There are a number of different ways to cite and write reference lists (reference lists) depending on the reference system used. On some courses, your teacher recommends that you should use a certain system, such as Oxford.

Referencing Styles and Guides

The Harvard system (also called the author-year- or name-year-style) with parentheses in running e.g. t - guide by the University of Borås

The Oxford system with footnotes in the text - guide by Umeå University

APA (The American Psychological Association) - reference guide by Karolinska Institutet

The Writing Guide's Tips on Referencing and Citing - skrivguiden.se

Get support from a reference management system

A reference management program makes it easier for you to collect and organize the sources you will use in an essay. There are various reference management programs and the Anna Lindh library provides support for Endnote and Zotero. The programs make it possible to collect and save references for books, articles and web pages, and then insert citations and reference lists into documents.

Anna Lindh Library's guides for reference management systems